Please post your final project progress report as a comment to this post. Please include the following in your report:
1.
The working topic for your final project (example: American women's
changing perceptions of Chinese women's education and empowerment in the
twentieth century)
2.
Possible interview subjects and questions planned (Optional if no further interview needed. Example: plan to
interview three generations of women in the author's own family;
questions may include: ask them to name famous educated Chinese women,
ask them to identify their sources of information, and ask them to talk
about their understanding about the relationship between education and
empowerment in the Chinese context and through their own experience in
the US)
3.
Possible in-class readings you will read closely and draw inspiration
from (example: pieces related to Gu Ruopu, Qiu Jin, Ding Ling,
etc.--check syllabus for full bibliographical information).
4. Possible external academic sources (List findings from library session and your independent research. Example: "Education
and Gender Egalitarianism: The Case of China"--to start, do keyword
searches in JSTOR and Project Muse databases for full text academic
articles from lib.uky.edu)
You
are required to use at least three in-class readings and at least three external academic sources for your final project. Annotate your working
bibliography to show your progress. Progress report due Thursday April 17 by 10 pm.
For my final, I've decided to continue writing about the topic I chose for my midterm (modern perceptions of Chinese women) but instead of collecting one interview from each of three generations in my own family, I am aiming to collect as many interviews as possible from people in my own peer group around the world. I hope to interview people from America, as well as China, and other countries. I currently have two interviews completed, one from a woman in Panama and one from the US (Florida) with whom I communicate online.
ReplyDeleteAs of yet, I haven't decided concretely on my outside sources, although I am currently looking for articles that might shed some light on contemporary global views of Chinese women. I might also try to find some more information on the perception of Chinese women by women in China (be they Chinese or otherwise - I have one person who is British and teaching in China that I'd like to possibly interview). This time I will also be asking about past and current perceptions, but I'm also going to be focusing on where people around the world get their perceptions about Chinese women.
As for in-class readings, I may try to decide what I'll draw on based upon my interview responses. In my midterm, I offered my interview subjects readings from our class, but I don't have time to do that for the final. I'll supplement that segment of the paper with comparisons to in-class readings as soon as my interviews are completed. Based on the interviews I've completed already, I think that I might use the content from the week on Qiu Jin and also possibly the Revolutionary-era sources, but maybe just the "Comrade Sisters" reading. I'm still unsure, as some of the interview content has yet to come together.
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ReplyDeleteThis comment has been removed by the author.
DeleteWorking Title: From Woman Soldier to Commander-in-Chief: A Comparison of Xie Bingying and Chai Ling
ReplyDeleteI want to compare the revolutionary motivations of Xie Bingying in the 1920s and Chai Ling in the June Fourth Movement of 1989. When reading Xie Bingying’s autobiography, her selflessness for the country is immediately noticeable. She writes, “One's life ought to create happiness for all to enjoy. To those who believed strongly in offering their lives to their country and its people, romance seemed merely a toy for young ladies and young men of the idle class. Such, in those revolutionary days, was our view of romance" (Xie 66). However, Chai’s motives are less clear. Her participation in the democracy movement shows she cared about China’s future as a democracy, but her comments during an interview with Philip Cunningham in 1989 call into question her sincerity. She says, “All along I've kept it to myself, because being Chinese I felt I shouldn't bad-mouth the Chinese. But I can't help thinking sometimes -- and I might as well say it -- you, the Chinese, you are not worth my struggle! You are not worth my sacrifice!” (Gordon & Hinton, 1995). On one hand, Xie Bingying was willing to sacrifice personal love for the country, but on the other hand, Chai Ling did not view China as worth her sacrifice. My paper attempts to understand what caused this drastic shift in revolutionary motivations.
My current hypothesis is that the change from Xie to Chai resulted from the demands of the Mao Period and Cultural Revolution. Societal pressure for women to continually sacrifice for the Mao, the state, and the Party were detrimental. The realization of continued gender inequality despite Communist rhetoric in the 1980s brought about the change that we witness in Chai Ling. Furthermore, from outside readings, I've begun to consider the importance of the change in social roles in the 1980s; this shift in acceptable social roles for women could be an important aspect of the change from Xie to Chai. Currently, I'm not using any further interviews; I might use my previous interviews to discuss Chai Ling. Lastly, if possible, I will examine other female revolutionaries around the same time period as Chai Ling to see if a trend exists.
In-class sources:
-Xie, Bingying. “War,” in A Woman Soldier’s Own Story, Columbia University Press, 2001, 51- 91.
-Wen, Tzu-pien. “Good Daughter of the party,” in Chinese Literature 3 (1971): 3-30. Print.
-Wan, Shan-hung & Tieh-shan Hung. “The Iron Girl,” in Chinese Literature 5 (1971): 59-66. Print.
-Honig, Emily, and Gail Hershatter. "Women and Work." Personal Voices: Chinese Women in the 1980's. Stanford, CA: Stanford UP, 1988. 243-72. Print.
Outside sources:
-Gordon, R. & Carma Hinton. The Gate of Heavenly Peace. United States & China: Low Bow Group, 1995. Documentary.
-Zheng, Wang. “Maoism, Feminism, and the UN Conference on Women: Women’s Studies Research in Contemporary China.” Journal of Women’s History 8.4 (1997): 126-152. Web.
-Chai, Ling. A Heart for Freedom: The Remarkable Journey of a Young Dissident, Her Daring Escape, and Her Quest to Free China's Daughters. Carol Stream, IL: Tyndale House, 2011. Print.
-Hood, Johanna. “Creating Female Identity in China: Body and Text in Hong Ying’s Summer of Betrayal.” Asian Studies Review 28 (2004): 167-184. Web.
-Liu, Fengshu. “From degendering to (re)gendering the self: Chinese youth negotiating modern womanhood.” Gender and Education 26.1 (2014): 18-34. Web.
Annotated Bibliography:
DeleteIn-class sources:
-Xie: I will use Xie's autobiography to understand her motivations for fighting in the 1920s.
-Good Daughter and Iron Girl: Both of these pieces demonstrate the pressure/expectations that were placed on women during Mao's reign.
-Honig and Hershatter: Their piece shows the discrimination that women faced. I will apply the discrimination mentioned in this piece to Chai's life.
Outside sources:
-Gordon and Hinton: Their documentary, and the manuscript online, gives me insight into what Chai was thinking during the June Fourth Movement.
-Zheng: This piece further describes societal problems that faced women in the 70s and 80s. I think this discrimination in part led to Chai's decisions and mindset.
-Chai: Her autobiography is the best source on what she was thinking and feeling throughout the June Fourth Movement and her life since then.
-Hood: While this paper does not deal directly with Chai or the June Fourth Movement, it does describe a character in a book called "Summer of Betrayal" that I thought was very similar to Chai during the same time period. The analysis that Hood applies to this character helps me analyze Chai's actions.
Liu: Perhaps the most useful piece, this paper shows the transformation of gender roles throughout the 70s and 80s. Much of Liu's analysis is applicable to Chai's life.
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ReplyDeleteWhat is love?
ReplyDeleteThis oral history will seek to navigate the contemporary cultural perception of love. To contextualize the broad topic, there will comparison and study of its perception over the past century in China; through close readings of pieces from our class (Yu Dafu, Ding Ling, etc.). Considering cross-cultural barriers and preconceptions of love between what I believe and what a Chinese peer might believe, love is a generic term. Through comparison of interviews and authors’ works this project will attempt to narrow the definition and generality of the word. Love can be peaceful or tumultuous, contenting or frustrating, cool or heated. It is important to understand one’s own concept of it as well as others’ construction of the meaning in order to better understand how it could or should play out in context.
An interview begins with a broad question “What is love?” And the goal would be to narrow the interviewee’s definition to a point of personal experience and or personal expectations of love; then to compare these to the expectations of love in “Sinking”, “Miss Sophia’s Diary”, “Tiny Times” and other pieces. How have characters from these stories pursued or rejected contemporary conceptions of love? What is traditional versus new love? How should love affect one’s life? How should it affect the nation? How does it affect men? Women?
I will certainly pull outside sources for this discussion. In the very least I will use pieces read in CHI 430 and beyond that perhaps studies done by psychologist on perceptions of love.
Interview Questions:
What is love?
In what ways is love a part of your life?
How does love affect one’s life?
How should it affect one’s life?
How does love affect men?
How does it affect women?
How does love affect China?
How should it affect China?
Close reading from midterm:
“Sinking” – Yu Dafu
“Tiny Times 2.0” – Guo Jingming
“Regret for the Past” – Lu Xun
Additional close reading for final:
“Sealed Off” – Zhang Ailing
Here there is an interesting conversation about marriage between two characters of different generation.
“Good Daughter”
Using this piece to deepen our understanding of how women are viewed vs views that have been pushed or withheld by society and/or the CCP.
“Bound Feet and Western Dress” – Pangmei Natasha Chang
“A Woman Soldier”
Articles from midterm:
"Beyond Repression and Resistence” – Gerda Wielander
Additional articles for final:
“Comrade Sisters”
To gain a better understanding of gender expectations from the late 20th century
The working topic for my final project is centered around sexuality and how it is expressed within the Chinese society. We have talked mainly about woman and how they are portrayed, but also we have also touched a small amount on men who demonstrate their sexuality. I don’t believe I’m going to use any interviews unless I can find a way to reach a survey group that is more associated with China and the society. But I am currently thinking of a way that I may be able to do so. The in-class readings that I am working on using include Shanghai Baby, Regret for the Past, My Views on Chastity, Flowers In the Mirror, and A Lesbian Bar. Currently I have only found two external academic sources via JSTOR that are titled “Older Chinese men and women's experiences and understanding of sexuality” and Regulating Chinese Women's Sexuality during the Japanese Occupation of Manchuria: Reading between the Lines of Wu Ying's "Yu" (Lust) and Yang Xu's Wo de riji (My Diary)”. Both of these articles are centered around women so to try to even out my discussion I am looking for an external article that will shed some more light on the male persona in regard to sexuality within societal roles.
ReplyDeleteHow did Cixi improve the lives of women in China?
ReplyDeleteEmpress Cixi hold China back for 50 years and the effect can be felt until today. She announced a ban on foot-binding and encouraged women to have education .However she was a ruthless and selfish lady who had an unlimited greed for power. She encouraged his son Tongzhi to drink and keep many concubines.
How 'Modern' the Modern Woman in 1930s?
During 1920s-1930s, women's status was apparently raised by increasing their rights and freedoms. Educated young women were allowed to work. Most of Chinese women (lower class of women) still served as slaves, concubines, and prostitutes. Women needed more work opportunity and get more paid in order to support their family. When the new china society couldn't meet the requirement for employment purpose, prostitute was treated as the best way for those women who needed money to afford the life. People argued for prostitute will bring china society backward.
Who responsible for those women victim who are denied desire and expression?
Women’s fall suggested the fall of human civilization from a certain extent.
We can see women tried to find their own way to survive. The whole society didn't take the responsible for taking care of women.
Modern Woman in 1930s was encouraged to seeking the life what they want. But there are plenty of uneducated and poor women in this new society. The government failed to balance the amount of job position requirement and the amount of job position they can offer.
How does the Chinese government affect Chinese culture?
Mao was an advocate of equal rights for women. Men and women are the same. They can do the same kind of work. As women have become more and more educated, china government policies to promote women to access to employment. They need to get more women into jobs.
But in fact, Men and women have different physical abilities. Then the government policy changed, they encouraged women to get housework training and suggested them to work at store, hotel and restaurant.
Western culture's influence upon Chinese culture Chinese culture becomes more influenced by western. More and more Chinese women choose to learn foreign language in order to know more western culture. Western culture influenced China; the China affected the Chinese women.
Every culture has its positive as well as negative aspects. So what are the positive and negative impacts of western culture to Chinese Culture?
Chinese culture has been significantly affected by Western culture which is reflected in their contemporary cultures.
Some of good Western culture does affect Chinese society. Such as Men and women should have equal rights in the areas of employment and education.
Negative Western influence in China has resulted in less cautious and prudent to choose their love and husband.
Women seek love and personal freedom in their life instead of following the traditional pattern in simply settling for a stable family.
E.g The main character Coco in the story called “Shanghai Baby”
I don't think we're supposed to do our report like this, but I liked formatting it on my personal blog, so here's a link to it.
ReplyDeletehttp://senselessinsight.blogspot.com/
My last paper was about how Chinese students studying abroad has helped their nation developed into a modern nation. I interviewed Chinese males, but I did not interview any Chinese women. I will interview Chinese women and implement it into my paper. I will also interview the same Chinese males and ask questions that are geared more to the thoughts of Chinese females studying abroad and are their thoughts in the reason why females study abroad. I will also be interviewing Americans that have studied abroad in China and ask for their views on what has China implemented into their culture that was westernized. It will be interesting to see from a Westerners view in how China has embraced some western views. Also, I will ask if the students that have studied abroad in China, have they embraced some type of views after their experience. This shows the significance of studying abroad in general.
ReplyDeleteThe sources that I have other than the ones that I selected from the last paper are geared toward women studying abroad. There is an articles titled, Studying Overseas: Factors Impacting Intention of Female Students in Mainland China and Deciding Factors in Study Aboard- Women vs. Men. Although I haven’t read the new articles, I hope I will get a new enlightenment about women in China and their choices in studying abroad. Also, I choose to read the article that pertains about men and women studying abroad in general, because I know that I will have a general idea about the reason for studying abroad for women and men.
I will try to tie in my experiences from studying abroad and how that has affected my thoughts and decisions in the United States.
1. My paper topic is going to continue on from what I wrote about in my midterm paper. I am going to explore the concept of the Modern Woman. I have looked into some examples of Chinese Modern Woman and I will expand into the American Modern Women and compare the Chinese to American Modern Woman and see how they are similar/different.
ReplyDelete2. I will keep the interview with my cousins wife in my final and I may add additional interviewers from China and America. I want to get a more interviewers opinions on this subject of the modern woman from both point of views.
3. The three in class readings that I will use are Ruan Lingyu, Miss Sophia's Diary, and Qiu Jin. I feel that these three readings really show the Modern Woman in terms of the Chinese view of the Modern Woman.
4. My external resources that I will be using are biographies of modern or progressive women in the U.S. I have not decided exactly who I am going to use as my historic figures to compare with the Chinese Women and stories that I will use from our in class readings.
1. I plan to continue to use my working topic from midterm about the perception of the role of Chinese women in China and abroad.
ReplyDelete2. I plan to use the same interview subjects and the interview material I received from my midterm paper as I was able to receive the info I wanted
3. The In-class readings I want to use are, “Women and Work”, “Flowers in the Mirror”, “Comrade Sisters” and maybe “Iron Girl” or “Miss Sophia’s Diary.”
4. Here are some possible external sources:
a. “Conflict resolution in Chinese family purchase decisions: the impact of changing female roles and marriage duration.”: This article is about the modern v. traditional roles of women and the impact it has on the marriage and female role orientation.
b. “Culture and gender inequality: Psychological consequences of perceiving gender inequality.”: This article is about how different cultures differ in their beliefs about how justifiable gender inequality is. It looks at the consequences using cross-cultural comparisons. This will be a good article for when I compare the role of Chinese women at home versus abroad.
c. “Gender inequality in urban China.” This article talks about the gender inequality in urban Chine and the effects of gender stratification in two phases of history. It also looks at the entry of women into the labor force.
d. “The Stressors in Professional Women’s Work-family Conflict: A Chinese Study.”: This study looks at the work-family conflict and professional women on role conflict. It summarizes the stresses that women face and what effects the stress like education, experience, etc.
The working topic for my paper thus far is about marriages in general. One country I am specifically looking into the marriages is in India both in history and in today’s society. Also in comparison to that I am looking at the arranged marriages in China. When looking at arranged marriages, one thing that comes into question for my paper is whether or not the women are educated. Another thing that comes into question is the age at which marriages are happening. I plan on encompassing and answering all questions that may come to mind when looking at marriages in different countries in history and today. For the most part, my interviewing is done. I did have plans for my midterm paper to interview one of my father’s Chinese friends, but his answers were too broad. Since he wasn’t a good source for information, I simply decided to stick with the information that my father provided me about marriages in India. Also I have already tied in a bit of insight from my mother’s American perspective being married to an Indian man. In order to compare marriages in the two countries, I plan on using the in class readings. The readings that I plan on and have already used in my paper so far are Xiaoxiao, Regret for the Past, and Miss Sophia’s Diary. There may be some change for the in class readings because it all depends on what pieces I can find that will flow best with my paper. When it comes to the external sources that I am planning on using, they are: “In India, an Arranged Marriage of 2 Worlds,” “Relationship Outcomes in Indian-American Love-Based and Arranged Marriages,” and “Marriage Satisfaction and Wellness in India and the United States: A Preliminary Comparison of Arranged Marriages and Marriages of Choice.” Along with all my academic sources and my interviews, I plan on tying in some of my own personal opinion. I feel that being an interracial female raised by an Indian father as well as an American mother gave me the ability to understand both arranged and love marriages from an unbiased standpoint. Also tying in my knowledge of what we have learned in class about Chinese marriages as well as females role throughout history will help too.
ReplyDelete1. Working Topic(s): History of American perception of China. On the other hand, I might continue to expand on my topic from my midterm. However, I may start to repeat my points, which is something I am trying to avoid. Perhaps I can write about the perception of Chinese women across different cultures. Maybe I could interview an American and then someone from my own culture. But then I am also fascinated by the one child policy and how it has changed and impacted people in China since its implementation.
ReplyDelete2. Interview: If I do decided to write about the one child policy, I will have to do another interview. Maybe I can interview someone from class or the Chinese Studies department. I was really interested in hearing Jun’s point of view.
3. Internal Sources: The one piece for class that I believe will give me some insight is “China’s One Child Policy”. I am still trying to look for two more sources.
4. External Sources:
a. Here are some sources I want to use for background information:
- http://geography.about.com/od/populationgeography/a/onechild.htm
- “Mother's Ordeal: One Woman's Fight Against China's One-Child Policy”
- Time article: A Brief History of China’s One Child Policy
I will be continuing my midterm paper over the “knowledge of female prostitution in China.” I will not be using any additional interviewees, however, if I need to ask a few more questions to my three girls that I interviewed for my midterm I will do that via email or over the phone. At this point I will not be adding any more questions. I plan to incorporate more sources this time to meet requirement. I plan to use “Modernizing Sex,” “Miss Sophia’s Diary,” and “Women and Work” from in class.
ReplyDelete--From Miss Sophia’s Diary I want to use Sophia’s reaction to Ling’s addiction and visits to brothels as part of my analysis.
1. Ding Ling: "Miss Sophia's Diary," tr. Tani E. Barlow, in I Myself Am a Woman: Selected Writings of Ding Ling, Beacon Press, 1989, 49-81.
--From Women and Work I just want to incorporate some other options for women who have to work from more of a modern standpoint.
2. Honig and Hershatter, Ch. 7 "Women and Work," in Personal Voices: Chinese Women in the 1980s. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988. (29pp).
--I plan to use modernizing sex as a definition type article to provide me with solid explanations and causes of why women choose this occupation.
3. Hershatter, Gail. "Modernizing Sex, Sexing Modernity: Prostituion in Early Twentieth-Century Shanghai." Gilmartin, Christina K, et al. Engendering China: Women, Culture, and the State. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994. 147-174. PDF.
My outside sources include 4 different articles listed below, I haven’t read them fully yet, but I hope they will provide more insight and different opinions to the matter at hand.
1. Fu, Diana. "A Cage of Voices: Producing and Doing Dagongmei in Contemporary China." Modern China 35.5 (2009): 527-561. Jstor. 4 11 2014.
2. Ho, Virgil K.Y. "To Laugh at a Penniless Man Rather than a Prostitute: The Unofficial Worlds of Prostituion in Late Qing and Early Rebublican South China." European Journal of East Asian Studies. Brill Academic, 2001. 103-129. Jstor.
3. Lee, Lily. "No Woman or Girl Left Behind: Restoring Girls in China and Cambodia." Priscilla PApers Winter 2014: Vol. 28, No. 1. PDF.
4. Samarasinghe, Vidyamali and Barbara Burton. "Stategising Prevention: A Critical Review of Local Initiatices to Prevent Female Sex Trafficking." Development in Practice 17.1 (2007): 51-64. Jstor. 27 3 2014.
For my final project, I decide to continue talking about the female athletes in China. Because I think that there are a lot of things that I did not cover in my midterm. And I will go deeper on the topic. Because there are a lot of undertable rules that can affect the life of female athletes.
ReplyDeleteI am going to interview one of my high school teacher and another female player about those undertable rules that in China, and maybe connect the topic to my earlier life when I was an athlete.
I havent found anything that is related to my topic in the library yet. because I think that my topic is somehow quite independent.but I will try to find sonething by myself, maybe a movie or documentary to support my work
1. How does filial piety exist in the modern world (vs. traditional)?
ReplyDeletea. Filial piety in terms of parents
b. Filial piety in terms of a nation/citizens
In the final paper I want to continue on the topic from the midterm report. The midterm report only had accounts of the in-class readings and how embodied filial piety but only in terms with how their relationship with their parents were. The latter part of my paper will look at how different women from the in-class readings embody the virtue of filial piety to their nation/ruler.
2. Interviews from midterm report
3. Yu Dafu; Qiu Jin; A Woman Soldier
4. - Mourning in late imperial China : filial piety and the state by Norman Alan Kutcher
- Emperor Chengzu and imperial filial piety of the Ming dynasty : from the classic of filial piety to the biographical accounts of filial piety by Cheuk Yin Lee
- Filial Piety as respect for tradition by A.T. Nuyen
Topic: What effect has the Chinese media has had on society’s perception of Chinese women throughout the 20th and 21st century?
ReplyDeleteInterviews: Same as for Midterm paper
Possible Format: I am thinking about creating a website with multiple tabs each outlining a specific era and how women were perceived during that era. I will focus on different forms of media and how they influenced society’s view of women. A paragraph or two will be included on each tab as well as a supporting video or relevant propaganda.
Possible In-class Readings:
Chang, Pang-Mei. Bound Feet & Western Dress. New York: Doubleday, 1996. Print.
Chinese Posters: Propaganda, Politics, History, Art (Stefan R. Landsberger)
Evans, Harriet. "Comrade Sisters: Gendered Bodies and Spaces," in Evans and Donald, (Eds.), Picturing Power in the People's Republic of China: Posters of the Cultural Revolution. Oxford: Rowan and Littlefield, 1999. (13 pp.)
Harris, Kristine, “The New Woman Incident: Cinema, Scandal, and Spectacle in 1935 Shanghai,” in Sheldon Hsiao-peng Lu ed., Transnational Chinese Cinemas: Identity, Nationhood, Gender, University of Hawaii Press, 1997, 277-302.
Hershatter, Gail, “Modernizing Sex, Sexing Modernity: Prostitution in early Twentieth-Century Shanghai.” In Engendering China: Women, Culture, and the State, ed. Christina K. Gilmartin, Gail Hershatter, Lisa Rofel, and Tyrene White, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994, 147-174.
Honig and Hershatter, Ch. 7 “Women and Work,” in Personal Voices: Chinese Women in the 1980s. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1988.
Wan Shan-hung and Hung Tieh-shan, “The Iron Girl,” Chinese Literature 5 (1971): 59-66.
Wei Hui, Shanghai Baby, Robinson, 2001, 1-37.
Wen Tzu-pien, “Good Daughter of the party,” in Chinese Literature 3(1971):
3-30.
Xie Bingying: “War,” in A Woman Soldier’s Own Story, Columbia University Press, 2001, 51-91.
Possible External Academic Sources:
Besides the following academic sources I will also use videos and propaganda from various eras.
Glocal Understandings: Female Readers' Perceptions of the New Woman in Chinese Advertising
Kineta H. Hung, Stella Yiyan Li and Russell W. Belk
Journal of International Business Studies
Vol. 38, No. 6 (Nov., 2007) , pp. 1034-1051
Published by: Palgrave Macmillan Journals
• This source explains studies that were done using Chinese advertisements that included pictures of women during and after the Maoist era.
• This source creates four categories of the new Chinese woman, defines them, and then shows advertisements to females to get their perceptions.
State of the Field: Women in China's Long Twentieth Century
Gail Hershatter
The Journal of Asian Studies
Vol. 63, No. 4 (Nov., 2004) , pp. 991-1065
Published by: Association for Asian Studies
• This source discusses Chinese women in the 20th century in regards to women and marriage, family, and sex, women and labor, and women and national modernity.
Gallin, Rita S. 1984. “The Entry of Chinese Women into the Rural Labor Force: Twenty Years of Development and Change.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 9(3): 383–98.
• This article defines the working domains of males and females in the 1980s and how they began to shift.
Fong, Vanessa. 2002. “China’s One‐Child Policy and the Empowerment of Urban Daughters.” American Anthropologist 104(4):1098–1109.
• This article describes the benefit of the one-child policy that parents are forced to become dependent on the female offspring and therefore must invest in their future.
Hong Zhang. “China’s New Rural Daughters Coming of Age: Downsizing the Family and Firing Up Cash‐Earning Power in the New Economy” Vol. 32, No. 3 (Spring 2007) (pp. 671-698).
• This article describes the opportunities open to women born in the 1970s or 1980s. They were able to freely migrate to urban areas and were able to find jobs in manufacturing and the service sectors.
Thank you for sharing such great information. It has help me in finding out more detail about Education Loan India
ReplyDelete